Today's HTC Seminar is by Yoshua Bengio on 'Priors for System 2 Knowledge Representaation', and was presented at the ICML conference in July 2020. The talk is on Slides Live and can be seen here . Observations 1. So what is system 1 and system 2 (not to be confused with software 1.0 and software 2.0 metaphors) ? If you ask the all knowing entity 'the googler', you get the following (at least you do today) : System 1 is the brain's automatic, intuitive, and unconscious thinking mode. It requires little energy or attention, but it is often biased prone. ... System 2 is a slow, controlled, and analytical method of thinking where reason dominates. Unlike system 1 , it requires energy and attention to think through all the choices. So Yoshua is taking this concept of cognition described by Daniel Kahneman in his book 'Thinking Fast and Slow', and applying it to deep learning. So system 1 is learning the data manifold, system 2 is more like traditional ...